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NAD Order

An arcade-console readout of the NAD+ literature — the coenzyme that powers every cell's energy metabolism, why its levels fall with age, and what the precursor (NMN, NR) and IV-therapy trials actually measured.

07 / studies you can check

NAD+ references identify the research behind the numbered claims.

NAD+ is the substance examined in these studies of cells and aging. This page helps you locate the research papers and check who was studied.

Return to the research resultsRevisit NMN vs NR

A number in brackets points you to the paper below

NAD+ has been studied for its work in cells and the smaller supply in older tissue. Here you'll find the papers cited beside the findings. The small number in square brackets after a claim matches a study number below. Each entry gives the writers, year, and journal, along with a link to the summary, where you can check whether researchers tested people, studied mice, or grew cells in lab dishes. Reviews gather findings from several studies, including work explaining NAD+ and the limits of health claims [5][15].

Check who was studied before deciding what a result means for you.

The list covers pills, older people's tissue, and mice

The papers cover NMN and NR pills, samples from older people, and mouse experiments on proteins that consume or replace NAD+. A 2025 review considers the evidence for human benefits.

You can follow each entry's link to read the research summary.

  1. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. ↗
  2. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. ↗
  3. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. ↗
  4. Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. ↗
  5. Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. ↗
  6. Massudi H, Grant R, Braidy N, Guest J, Farnsworth B, Guillemin GJ. Age-associated changes in oxidative stress and NAD+ metabolism in human tissue. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e42357. ↗
  7. de Guia RM, Agerholm M, Nielsen TS, et al. Aerobic and resistance exercise training reverses age-dependent decline in NAD+ salvage capacity in human skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep. 2019;7(12):e14139. ↗
  8. Hou Y, Wei Y, Lautrup S, et al. NAD+ supplementation reduces neuroinflammation and cell senescence in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease via cGAS-STING. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021;118(37):e2011226118. ↗
  9. Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, Kanamori KS, et al. A Potent and Specific CD38 Inhibitor Ameliorates Age-Related Metabolic Dysfunction by Reversing Tissue NAD+ Decline. Cell Metab. 2018;27(5):1081-1095.e10. ↗
  10. Escande C, Nin V, Price NL, et al. Flavonoid apigenin is an inhibitor of the NAD+ ase CD38: implications for cellular NAD+ metabolism, protein acetylation, and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Diabetes. 2013;62(4):1084-1093. ↗
  11. Agerholm M, Dall M, Jensen BAH, et al. Perturbations of NAD+ salvage systems impact mitochondrial function and energy homeostasis in mouse myoblasts and intact skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2018;314(4):E377-E395. ↗
  12. Migliavacca E, Tay SKH, Patel HP, et al. Mitochondrial oxidative capacity and NAD+ biosynthesis are reduced in human sarcopenia across ethnicities. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):5808. ↗
  13. Tempel W, Rabeh WM, Bogan KL, et al. Nicotinamide riboside kinase structures reveal new pathways to NAD+. PLoS Biol. 2007;5(10):e263. ↗
  14. Zhu Y, Xu P, Huang X, et al. From Rate-Limiting Enzyme to Therapeutic Target: The Promise of NAMPT in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:920113. ↗
  15. Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. ↗